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kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #200 on: November 10, 2023, 05:12:40 PM »
Interesting. Thanks!

Quote
Each rotifer, named from the Latin for “wheel-bearer” owing to the whirling wheel of cilia around their mouths, can create between 348,000 and 366,000 nanoplastics – particles smaller than one micrometre – each day.

The animals are microscopic, ubiquitous and abundant, with up to 23,000 individuals found living in one litre of water, in one location. The researchers, from a team led by the University of Massachusetts Amherst, calculated that in Poyang Lake, the largest lake in China, rotifers were creating 13.3 quadrillion of these plastic particles every day.

...

The scientists sought to examine what role aquatic life might play in microplastic creation, especially after the discovery in 2018 that Antarctic krill are able to break down polyethylene balls into fragments of less than one micrometre.

You have to wonder what this does with the organisms. It´s probably less nutricious then the algae they are looking for.
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kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #201 on: November 15, 2023, 08:50:46 AM »
Scientists found hundreds of toxic chemicals in recycled plastics

When scientists examined pellets from recycled plastic collected in 13 countries they found hundreds of toxic chemicals, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Because of this, the scientists judge recycled plastics unfit for most purposes and a hinder in the attempts to create a circular economy.

...

"Plastic recycling has been touted as a solution to the plastics pollution crisis, but toxic chemicals in plastics complicate their reuse and disposal and hinder recycling," says Professor Bethanie Carney Almroth, of the University of Gothenburg.

Over 600 chemical compounds identified

In a recently published study in Data in Brief via ScienceDirect, led by Carney Almroth, plastic pellets from plastic recycle plants in 13 different countriesin Africa, South America, Asia and Eastern Europe were found to contain hundreds of chemicals, including numerous highly toxic pesticides.

In total, 491 organic compounds were detected and quantified in the pellets, with an additional 170 compounds tentatively annotated. These compounds span various classes, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, plastic additives.

...

"Need to phase out harmful chemicals"

Professor Bethanie Carney Almroth brings a clear message to next week's meeting in Nairobi:

"Numerous studies show that hazardous chemicals can accumulate even in relatively close-loop plastic recycling systems. We need to rapidly phase-out plastic chemicals that can cause harm to human health and the environment."

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/11/231110112511.htm
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kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #202 on: November 15, 2023, 10:03:15 AM »
This is great but maybe we should just stop (or reduce very much unless absolutely necessary) using plastics...

(at least 80% of plastic use could be stopped in a few years using more natural replacements like wood, glass, paper, etc which do not create micro and nanoplastics in nature)

We should but all these changes have their challenges.

If we change plastic bottles to glass we would need to make a lot more glass which is energy expensive. Since it weighs more it would cost more to transport.

Wood and paper. We don´t really have enough of them? Probably depends on the substitutions made but growing production forests takes some time.

A strong reduction in wasteful use is probably our best bet although we do this by tiny steps.

One source of microplastics is fast fashion. By prewashing them in a facility with filters you can catch them but this is still not required. If we had a EU law that prescribed the treatment we could fix it. Wash at the production centres or wash here after import.

Oh and all fast fashion should be sold or recycled in the EU. Can´t keep dumping it in the Atamaca.

We are making some progress in getting rid of the more wasteful single use items but the laws are too specific. Targeting some items instead of the overall problem. So we have things like half see trough bags which are plastic and paper.

We also have a law aimed at reducing plastic packaging so at the market they unwrap the plastic from the cheese pieces, throw it away and then wrap it in paper.
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El Cid

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #203 on: November 15, 2023, 07:24:01 PM »

....

1. If we change plastic bottles to glass we would need to make a lot more glass which is energy expensive. Since it weighs more it would cost more to transport.

2. Wood and paper. We don´t really have enough of them? Probably depends on the substitutions made but growing production forests takes some time.

3. Oh and all fast fashion should be sold or recycled in the EU. Can´t keep dumping it in the Atamaca.

some comments on the above (I inserted the numbers, becaus it is easier to answer that way):

1: glass can be reused many many times without breaking into pieces and recasting it  - the way we mostly do it now. If you standardized glass sizes, eg. 0,25 l 0,5 l 1 l then you can wash and sterilize and refill them. This worked in my country during socialism. There will be no special glass type for Coca Cola or wine, etc. There will be a few different sizes with the same shape

2: Paper is renewable. We can cut as many trees as we like, so long as we replant them or if we keep pollarding/coppicing forests (as it was often done in the middle ages)they will regrow for hundreds of years.

3: Recycling plastic containing clothes is a very bad idea as during every time you wash them gazillions of microplastics are shed. Plastic containg clothing should be banned.

Plastic is only used because it "seems" cheap, because the extrenalies are not paid for. The products we buy are cheap because we don't pay for the bad things they cause

If we switch to more sustainable alternatives the price of those alternatives will obviously go up which will reduce demand. If we want a sustainable economy then the price of many things will go up by a lot. We will literally have to pay the price

kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #204 on: December 02, 2023, 09:50:34 PM »
Rise of microplastics discovered in placentas of Hawaii mothers

A new study by researchers at the John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM) at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women & Children examined placentas donated by women who delivered in Hawaiʻi from 2006 to 2021, and found the presence of microplastic particles in the placenta.

...

The researchers collected and studied 10 placentas in 2006, 2013 and 2021 and found the presence of microplastics grew each year.

In 2006, 6 of the 10 placentas contained microplastics.
In 2013, microplastics were found in 9 of the 10 placentas.
In 2021, researchers found microplastics in all 10 placentas.
"We believe that the plastics may be floating around in food or being inhaled. It's coming through our digestive fluids or lungs, and the particles are getting absorbed through the gut and traveling through the bloodstream, and then somehow collecting in the placenta during pregnancy," Lee said.

...

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/11/231129234437.htm
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kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #205 on: December 02, 2023, 09:52:14 PM »
Durable plastic pollution easily, cleanly degrades with new catalyst

Found in fishing nets, carpet, clothing, Nylon-6 is a major contributor to plastic pollution, including ocean pollution. Now, chemists have developed a new catalyst that quickly, cleanly and completely breaks down Nylon-6 in a matter of minutes -- without generating harmful byproducts. Even better: The process does not require toxic solvents, expensive materials or extreme conditions, making it practical for everyday applications. In experiments, the new process recovered 99% of the polymer's building blocks, which can then be upcycled into higher-value products.

details:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/11/231130113054.htm
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morganism

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #206 on: December 19, 2023, 11:44:52 PM »
Hurricane Larry dumped 100,000 microplastics per sq. meter on Newfoundland each day
It's another sign of how plasticized our environment has become.

As Hurricane Larry curved north in the Atlantic in 2021, sparing the eastern seaboard of the United States, a special instrument was waiting for it on the coast of Newfoundland. Because hurricanes feed on warm ocean water, scientists wondered whether such a storm could pick up microplastics from the sea surface and deposit them when it made landfall. Larry was literally a perfect storm: Because it hadn’t touched land before reaching the island, anything it dropped would have been scavenged from the water or air, as opposed to, say, a highly populated city, where you’d expect to find lots of microplastics.

As Larry passed over Newfoundland, the instrument gobbled up what fell from the sky. That included rain, of course, but also gobs of microplastics, defined as bits smaller than 5 millimeters, or about the width of a pencil eraser. At its peak, Larry was depositing over 100,000 microplastics per square meter of land per day, the researchers found in a recent paper published in the journal Communications Earth and Environment. Add hurricanes, then, to the growing list of ways that tiny plastic particles are not only infiltrating every corner of the environment, but readily moving between land, sea, and air.

https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/12/hurricane-larry-dumped-100000-microplastics-per-sq-meter-on-newfoundland-each-day/#p3

neal

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #207 on: December 20, 2023, 03:05:52 PM »
microplastics in a hurricane....

....As [Hurricane] Larry passed over Newfoundland, the instrument gobbled up what fell from the sky. That included rain, of course, but also gobs of microplastics, defined as bits smaller than 5 millimeters, or about the width of a pencil eraser. At its peak, Larry was depositing over 100,000 microplastics per square meter of land per day, the researchers found in a recent paper published in the journal Communications Earth and Environment. Add hurricanes, then, to the growing list of ways that tiny plastic particles are not only infiltrating every corner of the environment, but readily moving between land, sea, and air....

..So microplastics don’t just flush into the sea and stay there—they blow into the atmosphere and back onto land, only to get picked back up again by winds and blown out to sea. Back and forth, back and forth. “It’s becoming quite clear that the ocean-to-atmosphere exchange is a very real thing,” says Allen. “And the numbers in this paper here are just staggering. It’s arriving in Newfoundland at just the time of year when all the biota—in the ponds and things—are all just trying to fatten up and breed for winter.”...

https://www.wired.com/story/oh-good-hurricanes-are-now-made-of-microplastics/

kiwichick16

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #208 on: December 20, 2023, 07:21:05 PM »
el cid ....@ reply 203 .......+1

neal

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #209 on: January 09, 2024, 03:22:18 AM »
Think about your bottled water (or not)--240,000 (+/-)particles per liter

Abstract
Plastics are now omnipresent in our daily lives. The existence of microplastics (1 µm to 5 mm in length) and possibly even nanoplastics (<1 μm) has recently raised health concerns. In particular, nanoplastics are believed to be more toxic since their smaller size renders them much more amenable, compared to microplastics, to enter the human body. However, detecting nanoplastics imposes tremendous analytical challenges on both the nano-level sensitivity and the plastic-identifying specificity, leading to a knowledge gap in this mysterious nanoworld surrounding us. To address these challenges, we developed a hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging platform with an automated plastic identification algorithm that allows micro-nano plastic analysis at the single-particle level with high chemical specificity and throughput. We first validated the sensitivity enhancement of the narrow band of SRS to enable high-speed single nanoplastic detection below 100 nm. We then devised a data-driven spectral matching algorithm to address spectral identification challenges imposed by sensitive narrow-band hyperspectral imaging and achieve robust determination of common plastic polymers. With the established technique, we studied the micro-nano plastics from bottled water as a model system. We successfully detected and identified nanoplastics from major plastic types. Micro-nano plastics concentrations were estimated to be about 2.4 ± 1.3 × 105 particles per liter of bottled water, about 90% of which are nanoplastics. This is orders of magnitude more than the microplastic abundance reported previously in bottled water. High-throughput single-particle counting revealed extraordinary particle heterogeneity and nonorthogonality between plastic composition and morphologies; the resulting multidimensional profiling sheds light on the science of nanoplastics.

https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2300582121

kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #210 on: January 11, 2024, 03:37:25 PM »
Moved post above from persistent chemical pollution thread.

Also:

Majority of burgers, steaks, chicken and plant-based meats contain microplastics, study reveals

The vast majority of meat and plant-based proteins contain tiny plastic particles, a new study has found.

While the prolific presence of microplastics in fish and shellfish has long been known, there has been less exploration into how proteins like beef and chicken are impacted by the world’s burgeoning plastic pollution.

Micro- and nanoplastics are miniscule particles which shed from larger plastic products. Increasing numbers of studies have shown that they can damage cells in the human body, leading to serious health effects, including cancers, lung disease, and birth defects.

The latest study discovered that 90 per cent of proteins - including pork, beef, chicken, tofu, and three different plant-based alternatives - contain as much plastic as fish.

Highly-processed foods like fish sticks, chicken nuggets, tofu, and plant-based burgers were found to contain more microplastics per gram than minimally-processed proteins like chicken breast but the difference was statistically negligible.

...

https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/plastic-pollution-food-fish-meat-b2476113.html

We have a meal!
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neal

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #211 on: January 14, 2024, 03:50:51 PM »
uptake in plants of nano-plastics with deterioration of nutritional properties


Abstract
Nanoplastics are emerging pollutants of global concern. Agricultural soil is becoming a primary sink for nanoplastics generated from plastic debris. The uptake and accumulation of nanoplastics by crops contaminate the food chain and pose unexpected risks to human health. However, whether nanoplastics can enter grains and their impact on the grains of crop grown in contaminated soil is still unknown. Here, the translocation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in crops, including peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) is investigated. It is demonstrated PS-NPs translocation from the root and accumulation in the grains at the maturation stage. The treatment with PS-NPs (250 mg kg−1) increases the empty-shell numbers of rice grain by 35.45%, thereby decreasing the seed-setting rate of rice by 3.02%, and also decreases the average seed weight of peanuts by 3.45%. Moreover, PS-NPs exerted adverse effects on nutritional quality, such as decreasing the content of mineral elements, amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids. To the knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of nanoplastics in the grains of crop plants grown in soil containing nanoplastics, and the results highlight the impact of nanoplastics on the yield and nutritional quality of crop grains.


https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202202336
« Last Edit: January 14, 2024, 03:59:14 PM by neal »

neal

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #212 on: January 14, 2024, 03:58:35 PM »
what goes in, comes out, and is distributed via our treatment systems

Abstract
This literature review addresses the presence of plastic in domestic wastewater, an increasingly important facet of the widespread use of plastic and its detrimental effects on the environment, with a focus on microplastics (MPs) in sewage sludge and their implications for a circular economy. Extensive research has been conducted on the occurrence of MPs in wastewater treatment plants. Sewage sludge is a byproduct of such plants that are widely used in the agricultural and other sectors but may contain emerging contaminants, including MPs, that can pose a significant risk to the environment. The review highlights the high concentrations of MPs in sewage sludge and underscores the need for appropriate disposal methods to prevent soil contamination. MPs can also detrimentally interact with other emerging contaminants, such as heavy metals and organophosphate esters. While extraction technologies exist to remove MPs from wastewater, their implementation is subject to technical and economic considerations. Future research should focus on the optimization and efficacy of these technologies to ensure safe sludge management. Given the high levels of MPs and other emerging contaminants found in sewage sludge, it is crucial to implement technologies that enable sustainable sludge disposal. By acknowledging these challenges and developing appropriate solutions, we can mitigate the environmental impacts of plastic and promote sustainable waste management practices.


https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186423001724

kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #213 on: January 24, 2024, 11:08:18 PM »
U.S. health costs related to chemicals in plastics reached $250 billion in 2018

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in plastics pose a serious threat to public health and cost the U.S. an estimated $250 billion in increased health care costs in 2018, according to new research published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society.

Plastics contain many hazardous, endocrine-disrupting chemicals that leach and contaminate humans and the environment.

These chemicals disturb the body's hormone systems and can cause cancer, diabetes, reproductive disorders, neurological impairments of developing fetuses and children, and death.

Potential options under discussion as part of a Global Plastics Treaty include interventions to reduce EDC exposure to protect public health and the environment, and data on the health costs of EDCs could help move this initiative forward.

"Our study found plastics contribute substantially to disease and associated social costs in the U.S., about $250 billion in 2018 alone. These costs are equivalent to 1.22% of the Gross Domestic Product. The diseases due to plastics run the entire life course from preterm birth to obesity, heart disease and cancers," said study author Leonardo Trasande, M.D., M.P.P., of NYU Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service in New York, N.Y. Trasande has represented the Society at intergovernmental meetings to address plastic pollution and its health effects.

"Our study drives home the need to address chemicals used in plastic materials as part of the Global Plastics Treaty," Trasande said.

...

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/01/240111113117.htm
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morganism

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #214 on: February 20, 2024, 11:12:20 PM »
Microplastics in every human placenta, new UNM Health Sciences research discovers

In a study published February 17 in the journal Toxicological Sciences, a team led by Matthew Campen, PhD, Regents’ Professor in the UNM Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, reported finding microplastics in all 62 of the placenta samples tested, with concentrations ranging from 6.5 to 790 micrograms per gram of tissue.

Although those numbers may seem small (a microgram is a millionth of a gram), Campen is worried about the health effects of a steadily rising volume of microplastics in the environment.

For toxicologists, “dose makes the poison,” he said. “If the dose keeps going up, we start to worry. If we’re seeing effects on placentas, then all mammalian life on this plant could be impacted. That’s not good.”

In the study, Campen and his team, partnering with colleagues at the Baylor College of Medicine and Oklahoma State University, analyzed donated placenta tissue. In a process called saponification, they chemically treated the samples to “digest” the fat and proteins into a kind of soap.

Then, they spun each sample in an ultracentrifuge, which left a small nugget of plastic at the bottom of a tube. Next, using a technique called pyrolysis, they put the plastic pellet in a metal cup and heated it to 600 degrees Celsius, then captured gas emissions as different types of plastic combusted at specific temperatures.

“The gas emission goes into a mass spectrometer and gives you a specific fingerprint,” Campen said. “It’s really cool.”

The researchers found the most prevalent polymer in placental tissue was polyethylene, which is used to make plastic bags and bottles. It accounted for 54% of the total plastics. Polyvinyl chloride (better known as PVC) and nylon each represented about 10% of the total, with the remainder consisting of nine other polymers.

Marcus Garcia, PharmD, a postdoctoral fellow in Campen’s lab who performed many of the experiments, said that until now, it has been difficult to quantify how much microplastic was present in human tissue. Typically, researchers would simply count the number of particles visible under a microscope, even though some particles are too small to be seen.

With the new analytical method, he said, “We can take it to that next step to be able to adequately quantify it and say, ‘This is how many micrograms or milligrams,’ depending on the plastics that we have.”

Plastic use worldwide has grown exponentially since the early 1950s, producing a metric ton of plastic waste for every person on the planet. About a third of the plastic that has been produced is still in use, but most of the rest has been discarded or sent to landfills, where it starts to break down from exposure to ultraviolet radiation present in sunlight.

“That ends up in groundwater, and sometimes it aerosolizes and ends up in our environment,” Garcia said. “We’re not only getting it from ingestion but also through inhalation as well. It not only affects us as humans, but all off our animals – chickens, livestock – and all of our plants. We’re seeing it in everything.”

Campen points out that many plastics have a long half-life – the amount of time needed for half of a sample to degrade. “So, the half-life of some things is 300 years and the half-life of others is 50 years, but between now and 300 years some of that plastic gets degraded,” he said. “Those microplastics that we’re seeing in the environment are probably 40 or 50 years old.”

While microplastics are already present in our bodies, it is unclear what health effects they might have, if any. Traditionally, plastics have been assumed to be biologically inert, but some microplastics so small they are measured in nanometers – a billionth of a meter – and are capable of crossing cell membranes, he said.

Campen said the growing concentration of microplastics in human tissue might explain puzzling increases in some types of health problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer in people under 50, as well as declining sperm counts.

The concentration of microplastics in placentas is particularly troubling, he said, because the tissue has only been growing for eight months (it starts to form about a month into a pregnancy). “Other organs of your body are accumulating over much longer periods of time.”

Campen and his colleagues are planning further research to answer some of these questions, but in the meantime he is deeply concerned by the growing production of plastics worldwide.

“It’s only getting worse, and the trajectory is it will double every 10 to 15 years,” he said. “So, even if we were to stop it today, in 2050 there will be three times as much plastic in the background as there is now. And we’re not going to stop it today.”
Journal

Toxicological Sciences
DOI

10.1093/toxsci/kfae021

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1034977

neal

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #215 on: March 07, 2024, 12:22:35 AM »
Microplastics in arterial plaque leads to worse outcomes  (a paywalled site), so this image instead


morganism

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #216 on: March 08, 2024, 07:06:47 AM »
Science Alert wrote up the plaque story too

Plastic Found Inside More Than 50% of Plaques From Clogged Arteries

https://www.sciencealert.com/plastic-found-inside-more-than-50-of-plaques-from-clogged-arteries

kassy

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Re: Consequences of using plastics
« Reply #217 on: March 08, 2024, 06:16:49 PM »
Quote
researchers found nearly 60 percent of them had measurable amounts of polyethylene in plaques pulled from their fat-thickened arteries, and 12 percent also had polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in extracted fat deposits.

PVC comes in both rigid and flexible forms, and is used to make water pipes, plastic bottles, flooring, and packaging. Polyethylene is the most commonly produced plastic, used for plastic bags, films, and bottles, too.

I wonder if someone has a historical record of clogged artery stuff so they can check historical patterns...
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