Kilimanjaro Glaciers

[ArcticMelt2]

It is believed that this is one of the oldest glaciers on the planet.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro

Because of the exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent Younger Dryas stadial, the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct around 11,500 years BP.[81] Ice cores taken from Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field (NIF) indicates that the glaciers there have a basal age of about 11,700 years,[83] although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP.[84] Higher precipitation rates at the beginning of the Holocene epoch (11,500 years BP) allowed the ice cap to reform.[81] The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP.[81][85]

Now this 12-thousand-year-old ice is on the verge of total destruction.

http://kiboice.blogspot.com/2019/02/19-years-on-northern-icefield.html

This week marks 19 years since AWS measurements began on Kilimanjaro's Northern Icefield (NIF). With enthusiastic help from our Tanzanian crew, Mathias Vuille and I installed a tower into the ice and connected the electronics. Remarkably, the same datalogger continues measurement and control functions, and the same solar panels continue to provide power. Most sensors have been swapped out for recalibration or replacement, yet the original barometric pressure sensor continues reliable measurements every hour.

Ice ablation since 2000 has substantially reduce the areal extent of all glaciers on the mountain. However, this portion of the NIF has "only" thinned by ~5 meters, because the low surface gradient retards meltwater runoff - which then refreezes in place as superimposed ice. Other portions of the NIF, and other glaciers, have thinned more dramatically. For example, ice no longer remains at February 2000 drill sites on the Furtwängler and Decken Glaciers, which were 9.5 and ~20 m thick at the time (respectively).

For comparison, the length of the longest cores of the Northern glacier does not exceed 50 meters:
https://byrd.osu.edu/research/groups/ice-core-paleoclimatology/projects/tanzania/kilimanjaro

In January and February of 2000, six ice cores were drilled to bedrock from the three remnant ice fields on the rim and summit plateau atop Kilimanjaro (3° 03.7' S; 37° 21.2' E; 5893 m asl). The three longest cores (NIF1, NIF2, NIF3) were drilled to depths of 50.9, 50.8, and 49.0 meters, respectively, from the Northern Ice Field (NIF), the largest of the ice bodies.

Now this glacier is 5 meters thinner.

The radar in 2015 confirms that the thickness of this glacier is not more than 50 meters.

https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/469/2017/

The GPR profiles reveal an ice thickness ranging between (6.1 ± 0.5) and (53.5 ± 1.0) m. Combining these data with a very high resolution digital elevation model we spatially extrapolate ice thickness and give an estimate of the total ice volume remaining at NIF's southern portion as (12.0 ± 0.3) × 106 m3.

[ArcticMelt2]

The radar in 2015 confirms that the thickness of this glacier is not more than 50 meters.

https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/469/2017/

The GPR profiles reveal an ice thickness ranging between (6.1 ± 0.5) and (53.5 ± 1.0) m. Combining these data with a very high resolution digital elevation model we spatially extrapolate ice thickness and give an estimate of the total ice volume remaining at NIF's southern portion as (12.0 ± 0.3) × 106 m3.

In this work, there is a graph of how the thickest part of the oldest glacier falls.

This definitely proves that critical temperatures have already been reached, which are maximum for at least the last 12 thousand years.

[ArcticMelt2]

Map of the thickness of the last and oldest pieces of African ice.

[ArcticMelt2]

The last map shows that in 2000 they drilled not in the thickest part of the glacier. In this regard, the ice Kilimanjaro may even be older than 12 thousand years. Theoretically, it could survive since the last interglacial time 140 thousand years ago.

I hope scientists will have time to re-drill the glacier before it finally melts.

[grixm]

Wildfire has been burning on the Kilimanjaro slopes for the past few days.

I was curious to see how, if at all, the nearby fire afffected the glaciers, so I checked the sat images. It's hard to conclude anything, snow cover is melting but it did so even before the fire started. Either way the snow cover is now less than it has been for over a year. And comparing with that time we can see that the glaciers have melted more, too.

I made a gif showing the Furtwangler glacier and its nearby ground, both in sept 2019, and this year october 5th, 10th and 15th. It is closer and closer to being gone forever.

[grixm]

Update on Kilimanjaro. There was snowfall in November but then it started melting again and now large parts of the summit is exposed again, and we're heading into a milder, drier season..

Attached is an animated gif, click to play. The red areas in the first frame is the remaining glaciers, as opposed to just snow.