Do we have any sort of measurement that quantifies how much heat there is in the oceans at arctic latitudes?
I've heard all season that there's a lot of "extra heat" in the oceans (that is not reaching the ice necessarily), and I'm curious if we've quantified that, especially in a way that can be compared to previous years.
I'm thinking of something that includes heat in the form of extra ice and warmer water both. For simplicity there's not really a need to go into things like snowpack, greenland ice, etc. Also, probably, only some small (top) portion of the water column matters.