Arctic Sea Ice forms a formidable barrier for oxygen to penetrate into the ocean, but also does help the ocean to retain more of its existing oxygen in summers as the melting ice keeps water below ice cooler - so that more oxygen can remain dissolved within the water. This topic has come up at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)'s annual roadshow UN Conference of Parties 25 (COP25) currently meeting in Madrid, Spain. However, at first, there is also a passage of a very sad news item - which I must pass first :IN MEMORIAM: DR MATTI K. LAPPALAINENDr. Matti K. Lappalainen, Councellor of the State of Finland on Environment ('Ymparistoneuvos'), the world's foremost expert in large water body oxygenation (
oceans, seas, the Amazon river etc) has died in a research-related accident. As a Vice-President, Environmental Affairs at Sea Research Society, I was often doing projects with him and he was my co-author on research on mitigation of the Amazon ecosystems for the changing climate which we presented at the World Water Week, Stockholm, August 2007. More recently Matti worked to oxygenate the Baltic Sea. In Tammisaari, Finland he rehabilitated 28km2 pilot plot and another anoxic sea area near Stockholm, Sweden of slightly smaller size. Future plans held for oxygenation of anoxic sea area east of Gotland, Sweden and in various other locations around the Baltic Sea. Before Dr Lappalainen, no one had ever attempted or succeeded in recovering anoxic seas and oceans by the breakthrough Mixox technology. He also made dissertation of his work for the University of Oulu. The world has lost one of its greatest minds and unique expert who is near impossible to replace.
https://www.academia.edu/4299120/Kallio_Veli_A._and_Lappalainen_M._Preparing_the_Amazon_Ecosystems_for_the_Changing_Climate_pp._240-241(PDF)
Kallio, Veli A. & Lappalainen, M.:
Preparing the Amazon Ecosystems for the Changing Climate, pp. 240-241. | Veli Albert Kallio - Academia.edu
The issue is absolutely important, the United Nations Conference of Parties 25 is just debating on the matter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=501&v=s-C9RfKdiow&feature=emb_logoProf Dan Daffoley - IUCN Deoxygenation of Oceans - YouTube"We are now seeing increasingly low levels of dissolved oxygen across large areas of the open ocean. This is perhaps the ultimate wake-up call" https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=501&v=s-C9RfKdiow&feature=emb_logoThe most recent research and PhD dissertation of Matti Lappalainen1,2 (268 pages)
1University of Oulu Graduate School
2University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology, Environmental Engineering
The dissertation was publicly defended at the East Finland University in Kuopio on large water body oxygenation (in this case the Baltic Sea) and analysis of the problem (with the Baltic Sea's anoxic situation) is downloadable here as electronic version:
http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219417 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/isbn978-952-62-1941-7 http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789526219417.pdfLappalainen, K. Matti, A renewed diagnosis and paradigm for eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology
Veli Albert Kallio, FRGS
Vice-President, Sea Research Society
Environmental Affairs Department
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Research_Societyhttps://exploresrs.academia.edu/VeliKallioVeli Albert Kallio | Sea Research Society - Academia.edu