Each user can check which of his/her posts were liked and how many times by clicking
Profile-Show Posts-Liked. The same can be checked for other users. Also can be checked Likes given by a specific user. So if one cares enough some detailed info can be found.
It has been decided early on that it was not desirable to encourage "rating wars" and thus to hide who liked what and the number of likes for each post. Even as it is, many old-timers shun the Like system (probably because it "stinks" of social media) and its usage in general is quite limited. I still find it useful though both to give and get feedback.
Just in response to what Oren has mentioned here about liking posts - if you are using the Exodus theme, you cannot like posts unless I'm missing something.
I use this theme because I browse the forum on my phone and also on my computer - I find the theme works very nicely on both, much better than the default theme (though the avatar question marks are a bit out of place), however using this theme I can't like any posts.
Not a big issue at all but just thought it might be worth pointing out, especially since I would guess the number of views from mobile devices is getting higher in recent years and the Exodus theme provides a way better experience IMHO.